The wine-dark web

Cities that taught the sea.

Not an empire of governors. A chain of harbors from Byblos to the Atlantic, speaking one script, praying to one lord of the city.

Byblos above the Mediterranean

Eastern Mediterranean

Byblos

Lebanon · c. 3300 BCE

Byblos

Gubla

The first port

One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on earth. Exporter of papyrus — the Greeks called the books ta biblia after this harbor. The sarcophagus of Ahiram (KAI 1) bears one of the earliest full sentences in our alphabet: a son’s coffin for his father, and a curse on whoever uncovers it. Baalat Gebal, Lady of Byblus, kept the temple the Egyptians named Hathor.

The connection →