Genealogical and chronological tables

APPENDIX A

Genealogical and Chronological Tables

I. The Generations of the Gods (from Book I)

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Colpias (Wind) = Baau (Night)

│

└─ Æon ─────────── discovered food from trees

└─ Genus = Genea

└─ Phôs, Pûr, Phlox ── fire-making by friction

└─ Mountain Giants ── Cassius, Libanus, Antilibanus, Brathu

└─ Hypsuranius ── reed huts, papyrus

└─ Usous ── leather clothing, first sea voyage, pillars to Fire and Wind

└─ Agreus ── hunting

└─ Halieus ── fishing

└─ Chrysor (Hephæstus, Kothar-wa-Hasis) ── iron, forging, hook, bait, line, light boats, first deliberate sailing

└─ Brothers ── brick walls

└─ Technites & Geïnus Autochthôn ── stubble bricks, sun-baking, roof tiling

└─ Agrus & Agrouerus (Agrotes) ── courts, porticos, crypts, husbandry, hunting with dogs

└─ Amynus & Magus ── villages, tending flocks

└─ Misor ── use of salt

└─ Taautus (Thoth, Hermes) ── INVENTION OF LETTERS

└─ Sydyc ── use of salt

└─ Dioscuri / Cabiri ── built first complete ship; medicinal herbs, cures, charms

│

└─ Elioun (Hypsistus, "Most High") = Beruth (Berytus)

└─ Ouranus (Heaven) = Ge (Earth)

├─ Ilus (Cronus) ── founded Byblus, first city of Phœnicia

├─ Betylus

├─ Dagon (Siton, Bread-corn) ── grain, the plough → Zeus Arotrius

├─ Atlas ── buried by Cronus

└─ (by concubine) → Demarous → Melicarthus (Heracles)

│

Cronus = Astarte → 7 Titanides/Artemides, Pothos, Eros

Cronus = Rhea → 7 sons (youngest = Muth [Death, Pluto]), Persephone, Athena

Cronus = Dione → daughters

Cronus (in Peræa) → Cronus II, Zeus Belus, Apollo

│

Sydyc + one Titanis → Asclepius

│

Pontus → Sidon (invented hymns), Poseidon

│

Astarte (Aphrodite) & Demarous (Zeus) & Adodus (King of Gods) ── reigned after Cronus

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II. The Kings of Tyre

After Menander of Ephesus, preserved in Josephus, Against Apion I.116–127

A. The Early Dynasty (c. 980–785 BCE)

King Years of Reign Approximate Dates (BCE) Notes

Hiram I 34 c. 980–947 Contemporary of Solomon; built Tyrian harbour and temple of Melqart

Baal-‘azor I 7 c. 947–940 Son of Hiram I

Abd-Ashtart 9 c. 940–931 Name means "Servant of Astarte"

Methu-Ashtart 12 c. 931–919 Name means "Man of Astarte"

Ashtart 9 c. 919–910 Throne name; the goddess herself

Deleastartus 12 c. 910–898

Ashtarymos 9 c. 898–889

Phelles 8 months c. 888 Murdered; reign ended by Ithobaal I

Ithobaal I (Ethbaal) 32 c. 887–856 Priest of Astarte; seized throne; father of Jezebel

Baal-‘azor II 6 c. 856–850 Son of Ithobaal I

Mattan I 9 c. 850–841

Pygmalion 47 c. 831–785 Sister Elissa (Dido) fled and founded Carthage (c. 814 BCE)

B. The Judges and Later Kings (591–532 BCE)

After the thirteen-year siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 586–573 BCE)

Ruler Title Term

Ithobaal II (Ecnibalus) Judge 2 months

Chelbes Judge 10 months

Abbar Judge (High Priest) 3 months

Mattan (Myttynus) & Ger-Ashtart (Gerastartus) Judges 6 years

Balator King 1 year

Merbal King 4 years

Hiram II King 11 years

Mattan II King 2 years

Sipta (Elulaios?) Unknown —

III. The Kings of Byblus

Partial list from royal inscriptions and Assyrian records

King Approximate Date (BCE) Notes

Ahiram c. 1000 (or earlier, possibly 13th century) His sarcophagus (KAI 1) bears the earliest known fully developed Phœnician alphabetic inscription

Ittobaal c. 1000 Son of Ahiram; dedicated the sarcophagus

Yehimilk c. 10th–9th century Restored temple of Baalat Gebal

Abibaal c. 10th–9th century Dedicated statue to Baalat Gebal

Elibaal c. 10th–9th century Dedicated statue to Baalat Gebal

Shipitbaal I c. 9th century Known from stone stele

Milkiashapa 7th century Listed in Esarhaddon's prism among the twelve kings of the seacoast

IV. The Kings of Sidon

Partial list from royal sarcophagi and inscriptions

King Approximate Date (BCE) Notes

Zimredda 14th century Known from Amarna letters (EA 144–145)

Eshmunazar I 5th century Priest of Astarte; father of Tabnit

Tabnit late 6th–early 5th century Son of Eshmunazar I; his sarcophagus (KAI 13) reused an Egyptian original

Eshmunazar II 5th century Son of Tabnit; his sarcophagus (KAI 14) records Persian grant of Dor and Joppa

Bodashtart 5th–4th century Grandson of Eshmunazar I; builder of the temple of Eshmun

Straton I 4th century Participated in revolt against Persia; patron of Greek culture

Tennes mid-4th century Led rebellion against Artaxerxes III (351 BCE); executed

V. The Kings of Berytus (Partial)

King Approximate Date (BCE) Notes

Ammunira 14th century Known from Amarna letters (EA 141–143); corresponded with Akhenaten

Abibalus before the Trojan War Sanchuniathon dedicated his history to this king

VI. Chronological Table of Phoenician History

Date (BCE) Event

c. 8800–7000 Neolithic settlement at Byblus

c. 4000 Extensive urban development at Byblus

c. 2750 Traditional foundation date of Tyre (Herodotus 2.44)

c. 2600 Byblus recorded in Egyptian records of Sneferu (4th Dynasty)

c. 1850–1550 Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions at Serabit el-Khadim

c. 1500–1200 Ugaritic texts; Canaanite pantheon fully documented

1929 CE Discovery of Ugarit (Ras Shamra) by Claude F.-A. Schaeffer; tablets vindicate Sanchuniathon's tradition

c. 1279–1213 Alabaster vases of Ramesses II found in Ahiram's tomb

c. 1200 Early purple dye production at Sarepta

c. 1000 (or earlier) Ahiram sarcophagus; earliest fully developed Phœnician alphabet

c. 1000 Iron Age begins in the Levant

c. 980–947 Reign of Hiram I of Tyre

c. 950 Phœnician trade with Tartessus begins

c. 887–856 Reign of Ithobaal I; marriage of Jezebel to Ahab of Israel

c. 841 Jehu's coup; murder of Jezebel

c. 831–785 Reign of Pygmalion of Tyre

c. 814 Traditional foundation of Carthage by Elissa (Dido)

c. 760 Earliest archaeological remains at Carthage (Byrsa Hill)

8th century Phœnician alphabet transmitted to Greece

8th century Phœnician colonisation of western Mediterranean

8th century Core-formed glass technique developed

c. 700 Sennacherib's fleet built by Phœnician shipwrights

677/676 Sidon sacked by Esarhaddon

671 Assyrian conquest of Egypt with Phœnician naval support

c. 612 Fall of Nineveh; end of Assyrian Empire

c. 605–562 Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II

586 Fall of Jerusalem

586–573 Thirteen-year siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar

573 Tyre submits under treaty; monarchy continues

c. 600 Phœnician circumnavigation of Africa (Herodotus 4.42)

539 Cyrus the Great conquers Babylon; Phœnician cities incorporated into Persian Empire

c. 530–500 Golden Age of Sidon under Persian rule

c. 500 Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian

480 Phœnician fleet serves at Battle of Salamis under Xerxes

5th century Eshmunazar II receives Dor and Joppa from Persian king

c. 450 Herodotus visits Tyre; temple of Melqart dated to c. 2750 BCE

398 Motya destroyed by Dionysius I of Syracuse

351 Sidonian rebellion against Artaxerxes III; self-immolation of Sidon

332 Alexander the Great captures Tyre after seven-month siege

264–241 First Punic War; Carthage loses Sicily

237–228 Hamilcar Barca conquers southern Spain

228 Death of Hamilcar; Hasdrubal the Fair succeeds

221 Hannibal appointed commander in Spain

218–201 Second Punic War; Hannibal's invasion of Italy

216 Battle of Cannae

202 Battle of Zama; Scipio defeats Hannibal

195 Hannibal exiled; later takes poison (c. 183)

149–146 Third Punic War

146 Destruction of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus