Principal sources

APPENDIX B

Principal Sources and References

Ancient Sources

Phœnician Inscriptions

· KAI 1 — Ahiram sarcophagus, Byblus, c. 1000 BCE or earlier. National Museum, Beirut. The earliest known fully developed Phœnician alphabetic inscription.

· KAI 4 — Yehimilk inscription, Byblus. Records the restoration of the temple of Baalat Gebal.

· KAI 5 — Abibaal dedication, Byblus. Statue dedication to Baalat Gebal.

· KAI 6 — Elibaal dedication, Byblus. Statue dedication to Baalat Gebal.

· KAI 13 — Tabnit sarcophagus, Sidon. Istanbul Archaeology Museums. Reused Egyptian sarcophagus with Phœnician funerary inscription.

· KAI 14 — Eshmunazar II sarcophagus, Sidon. Musée du Louvre. The longest Phœnician inscription known from the Levant; records the Persian grant of Dor and Joppa.

· Esarhaddon's Prism B — British Museum. Lists twelve kings of the seacoast who supplied building materials for Esarhaddon's palace at Nineveh.

· Esarhaddon's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre — SAA 2.5. Fragmentary treaty granting Tyre commercial rights in exchange for submission to Assyria.

Assyrian Royal Inscriptions

· Grayson, A. K. Assyrian Royal Inscriptions. 2 vols. Wiesbaden, 1972–1976.

· The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods. University of Toronto Press, 1987–.

· Annals of Ashurnasirpal II, Shalmaneser III (including the Black Obelisk, British Museum), Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib (including palace relief, British Museum BM 124772), Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal.

Amarna Letters

· EA 68–95: Rib-Hadda of Byblus.

· EA 141–143: Ammunira of Berytus.

· EA 144–145: Zimredda of Sidon.

· EA 146–155: Abi-Milku of Tyre.

· Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Ugaritic Texts

· KTU: Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit. The standard edition of the Ugaritic cuneiform tablets discovered at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) by Claude F.-A. Schaeffer in 1929. The texts provide the earliest surviving Canaanite literature and independently confirm the Phoenician pantheon and mythological traditions recorded by Sanchuniathon.

Classical Authors

· Aristotle. Politics 2.11 (description and praise of the Carthaginian constitution).

· Diodorus Siculus. Library of History 5.20, 16.41–45 (rebellion and self-immolation of Sidon), 20.14 (child sacrifice at Carthage), 25, 32.

· Diogenes Laërtius. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers Prologue (listing Mochus the Phoenician as a proto-philosopher), 1.22 (Thales of Miletus as a descendant of the Phoenician Thelidae).

· Herodotus. Histories 2.44 (temple of Melqart at Tyre, foundation date), 4.42 (circumnavigation of Africa by Phoenicians), 5.58 (Cadmus and the transmission of the alphabet), 7.89 (Phoenician fleet at Salamis), 8.83–96 (Battle of Salamis), 8.90 (execution of Phoenician captains by Xerxes), 8.118 (Greek fabrication of Xerxes' return).

· Homer. Iliad 23.743 (Sidonian bronze as a prize of great value), Odyssey 14.288–291 (Phoenician traders), 15.115–119 (Sidonian craftsmanship).

· Iamblichus. Life of Pythagoras (Pythagoras studies with the descendants of Mochus at Sidon).

· Josephus. Against Apion I.116–127, I.123, I.154–159 (transmission of the Tyrian king-list from Menander of Ephesus; detailed account of the siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar II); Antiquities of the Jews VIII.141–149, VIII.316–X.28, IX.283–287, X.228.

· Justin. Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 18.3–7 (foundation legend of Carthage).

· Livy. History of Rome 21–30 (Second Punic War).

· Pausanias. Description of Greece.

· Periplus of Hanno. Geographi Graeci Minores. Greek translation of a Punic original; account of a Carthaginian expedition along the West African coast c. 500 BCE.

· Pliny the Elder. Natural History 9.60–62 (Tyrian purple dye), 16.216 (foundation of Utica), 18.22 (Mago's agricultural treatise), 36.65 (invention of glass attributed to Phoenician merchants).

· Plutarch. De Superstitione 13 (child sacrifice); Life of Alexander; Life of Fabius Maximus.

· Polybius. Histories 1–15 (First and Second Punic Wars; a principal source for the career of Hannibal).

· Porphyry. Life of Pythagoras (Pythagoras's Phoenician lineage and education); preserved Notice of Sanchuniathon in Eusebius.

· Strabo. Geography 1.1.6 (Phoenician navigation by the stars), 3.5, 16.2.24 (Mochus of Sidon as the originator of the atomic theory, on the authority of Posidonius).

· Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War 1.13 (origin of the bireme and trireme).

· Velleius Paterculus. Roman Histories 1.2 (foundation date of Gadir).

Hebrew Scriptures

· Genesis 14:18–20, 22, 28:18–19; Exodus 26:1, 28:31; Numbers 15:38; Joshua 15:41, 19:46; Judges 1:31–32, 11, 16:23; 1 Samuel 2:10, 5:2–7; 1 Kings 5:1–12, 7:13–45, 9:12–13, 16–22; 2 Kings 9–10, 23:10; 2 Chronicles 2:3–16; Psalm 121:4, 137:1; Isaiah 23:1–18, 57:6; Jeremiah 27–29, 32:35; Ezekiel 26–29.

Other Ancient and Medieval Sources

· Eusebius of Caesarea. Præparatio Evangelica 1.9–10. The sole preserver of the Greek fragments of Sanchuniathon's history as translated by Philo of Byblos. Greek text: Patrologia Graeca 21. Critical edition: Karl Mras, Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 43.1–2. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1954–1956.

· Suda (Byzantine encyclopedia, 10th century CE). Entry for Thales confirming his Phoenician lineage.

· Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert (18th century CE). Entry "Phénicie," which preserves the tradition that Cadmus was an intendant of the royal household, not a prince.

Early Modern Works

· Boyle, Robert. The Sceptical Chymist (1661). Credits "Moschus a Phenician" as the original author of the atomic theory.

· Newton, Isaac. Unpublished Notebooks. Weighs the evidence for Mochus the Phoenician as the founder of atomism.

Modern Scholarly Works

· Aubet, María Eugenia. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

· Bierling, Marilyn R., trans. and ed. The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth–Sixth Centuries B.C.E. Eisenbrauns, 2002.

· Charles-Picard, Gilbert, and Colette Charles-Picard. The Life and Death of Carthage. 1968.

· Cook, Edward M. "On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53 (1994): 33–36.

· Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic. Harvard University Press, 1973.

· Doak, Brian R., and Carolina López-Ruiz, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2019.

· Dunand, Maurice. Fouilles de Byblos. 5 vols. Paris, 1939–1973.

· Elayi, Josette. The History of Phoenicia. Lockwood Press, 2013.

· Finkelstein, Israel. The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel. Society of Biblical Literature, 2013.

· Finkelstein, Israel, and Neil Asher Silberman. David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press, 2006.

· Haber, Marc, et al. "Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences." American Journal of Human Genetics 101 (2017): 274–282.

· Higgins, R. A. Greek and Roman Jewellery. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1980.

· Hoyos, Dexter. The Carthaginians. Routledge, 2010.

· Katzenstein, H. Jacob. The History of Tyre. Schocken Institute, 1973.

· Lancel, Serge. Carthage: A History. Blackwell, 1995.

· Markoe, Glenn E. Phoenicians. British Museum Press, 2000.

· Miles, Richard. Carthage Must Be Destroyed. Allen Lane, 2010.

· Miller, J. Maxwell, and John H. Hayes. A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. 2nd ed. Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.

· Montet, Pierre. Byblos et l'Égypte. Paris, 1928.

· Moscati, Sabatino, ed. The Phoenicians. Abbeville Press, 1988.

· Nigro, Lorenzo. Motya and the Phoenician Ceramic Repertoire between the Levant and the West. 2013.

· Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire. University of Chicago Press, 1948.

· Pritchard, James B. Recovering Sarepta, A Phoenician City. Princeton University Press, 1978.

· Quinn, Josephine Crawley. In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton University Press, 2018.

· Schaeffer, Claude F.-A. The Cuneiform Texts of Ras Shamra-Ugarit. (The Schweich Lectures, 1936). The foundational publication of the Ugaritic library discovered in 1929.

· Stager, Lawrence E., and Samuel R. Wolff. "Child Sacrifice at Carthage: Religious Rite or Population Control?" Biblical Archaeology Review (1984).

· Stucky, Rolf A. Das Eschmun-Heiligtum von Sidon. 1993.

· Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626–556 B.C.) in the British Museum. British Museum, 1956.